梁德义 Teaching Aims: 1. Let the students master the method of writing_Three-step Writing Compositio . 2. Train the student rsquo;writing ability. 3. Let the students master the method of writing a composition according to the pictures. Teaching Important Points: 1. Introduce the method of Three-step Writing Compositio . 2. Use the method to write a composition according to the pictures. Teaching Difficult Points: How to write a high quality composition. Teaching Methods: 1. Conversation. 2. Individual, pair or group work. 3. Discu ion. Teaching Procedures: StepⅠGreetings and lead-in T: Hello, every student. S: Hello, Mr. Liang. T: Sit down, please. Let&rsquo look around us, there are so many teachers coming to our cla to direct Mr. Liang&rsquo teaching method. I am ha y and thankful. As is known to all, composition is very important in the National College Entrance Exam, but the problem, how to write a good composition, always troubles us. In this cla , well talk about a method_Three-step Writing Compositio .
(show on the screen) Step ⅡPresentation T: When we begin to write a composition, we must know what we can write. So the first step is to list the points of the composition in Chinese. Let&rsquo look at an example_Write a composition according to the pictures. Please look at the pictures, make a list of the points on your exercise book in Chinese. I ask three students to the front to write them on the blackboard. The three students write the points on the blackboard. T: Let&rsquo check their a wers.
(At the same time, the teacher explai the ti :The points must be complete sentence The points must include all the content of the pictures.) T: That&rsquo very good. Now, let&rsquo begin the second step: Tra late the points into English. When we tra late the points into English, we should pay attention to the te e and voice of the sentences. Now,who can try? (Then one by one) T: Well done. We have tra lated the points into English. Let&rsquo organise them to an e ay. When we do this step, we often use some conjunctio or adver ,such as: 1. 举例：for example, such as, namely, first,second, finally； 2. 总结归纳，发表意见：in a word, in short, in one&rsquo opinion, personally, to one&rsquo surprise； 3. 句与句之间的连贯：what&rsquo more, besides, and,then, so... that； 4. 转折：however, while, on the contrary； 5. 因果：therefore，thus，as a result，so. T: We can get the e ay like this. Let&rsquo read it together. （The students read the e ay together.） T: That&rsquo good. I think this is a good composition.Is it the best one? Ss: No. T: Yes. It i rsquo;t the best one. If you want to get a higher quality composition, you must do many things like this. 1. 合并为简单句 把其中一句改为分词短语 把其中一句改为介词短语 2. 合并为复合句 3. 把复合句改为简单句 把从句改为分词短语 把从句改为介词短语 4. 避免只使用一两个句式，要灵活运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等。 5. 注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。 6. 适当地联想与发挥。 T: OK, now let&rsquo rewrite some sentences in the composition. 1. I went to the cinema one afternoon.On the way, I found / saw a case fall down from/
off a ma rsquo bike. One afternoon, on my way to the cinema, I saw a case fall off a ma rsquo bike. 2. I picked up the case and shouted at the man, but he had already ridden away. After picking up the case, I shouted at the man loudly, but he rode too fast to hear me. 3. The man was very grateful and he took out some money to thank me, but I refused. Getting the case back from me, the man was so grateful to me that he i isted on offering me some money as a reward. But I refused him politely. 4. How proud I was! T: Let&rsquo compare these two compositio . Which one is better? Read it together. StepⅢSummary In this cla , we have learnt one way to write a composition, which is three-step writing compositio .That is, first, make a list of the points of the composition in Chinese; second, tra late the points into English; third, organise the points to an e ay. When we write a composition, we must pay attention to the te e and voice. Your composition must include all the content of the materials. At the same time, if you want to get a better composition, you must use some conjunctio or adver , change some simple sentences into complex ones. Have you got it? Step ⅣHomework After cla , please tra late the points that you have listed on your exercise book and then write a composition according to the pictures.
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Vol. 57 No. 8, August 2000 Online Only #149;
Original Contribution #149; This Article #149; #149; #149; #149; #149; #149; #149; #149; Citing Articles #149; #149; #149; #149; Related Content #149; #149; Topic Collectio #149; #149; #149; #149; #149; Social Bookmarking Clinical Features of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis According to the El Escorial and Airlie House Diagnostic Criteria
A Population-Based Study
Arch Neurol.
 2000;57:1171-1176.
ABSTRACT
Background 
The El Escorial and the revised Airlie House
diagnostic criteria for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
cla ify patients into categories reflecting different levels
of diagnostic certainty. We conducted a pro ective, population-based
study of the natural course of ALS in the Republic of Ireland
during a 6-year period to examine the utility of these ALS diagnostic
criteria.
Method #160;
Using data from the Irish ALS Register, we studied
the clinical features of all patients diagnosed as having ALS
in Ireland throughout their illne .
Result #160;
Between 1993 and 1998, 388 patients were diagnosed
as having ALS. Forty percent of patients reported bulbar-o et
symptoms. Disease progre ion occurred over time: at last follow-up,
75% of all patients had bulbar sig , compared with 59% at diagnosis.
When the El Escorial criteria were a lied, more than half of
patients (218 [56%]) had definite or probable ALS at diagnosis.
Of the 165 po ible and su ected ALS cases at diagnosis (trial
ineligible), 110 (67%) were trial eligible at last follow-up.
Of the 254 patients who had died, 229 (90%) had definite or
probable ALS, whereas 25 patients (10%) remained trial ineligible
at death. El Escorial category at diagnosis was not a significant
prognostic indicator. Use of the Airlie House criteria had no
effect on the median time from symptom o et to trial eligibility
(12.9 vs 12.8 months).
Conclusio #160;
The El Escorial and Airlie House diagnostic
criteria are exce ively restrictive. Furthermore, levels of
diagnostic certainty ca ot be used as prognostic indicators.
I***ODUCTION Jump to Section #149; #149;
Introduction #149; #149; #149; #149; #149;
AMYOTROPHIC lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progre ive degeneration
of u er (UMN) and lower (LMN) motor neuro . Patients with
findings suggestive of ALS are accorded different levels of
diagnostic certainty (su ected, po ible, probable, and definite
ALS) by a lication of a set of defined diagnostic criteria.
These criteria were established for research purposes in 1991
(El Escorial [EEC]
) and were revised in 1997 (Airlie House
). To e ure uniformity within clinical trials, only patients
exhibiting features of probable or definite ALS according to
the EEC have been enrolled in recent clinical trials.
De ite the wide read use of EEC for clinical trial purposes,
the majority of previously reported studies of the natural course
of ALS have not adhered to these diagnostic criteria, and, more
importantly, the outcome of the different diagnostic categories
has never been formally evaluated. Furthermore, with the exception
of pro ective population-based studies from Scotland,
clinical course and survival of patients with ALS has been described
almost exclusively from selected subgrou of the population.
The purpose of this study, therefore, was 3-fold: to pro ectively
determine the natural course of ALS in a population-based cohort
of patients with this conditio to compare survival in the
population-based cohort with that in previously reported studie and to ascertain the survival of patients according to their
diagnostic category based on both the EEC and AHC.
PATIENTS AND METHODS Jump to Section #149; #149; #149;
Patients and methods #149; #149; #149; #149;
The strength of this study lies in the existence of a complete
register of all patients diagnosed as having ALS in Ireland.
Details of this register have been published elsewhere.
vast majority of patients with ALS in Ireland are examined by
a neurologist at some stage during their illne . Co equently,
details of the medical care and clinical features provided to
residents of the entire community are available for study, e uring
virtually complete case ascertainment of all cases of ALS occurring
in this delineated population.
DIAGNOSTIC AND RESIDENCY CRITERIA
Diagnostic criteria for ALS were based on the EEC outlined by
the World Federation of Neurology.
These guidelines define
4 regio of the central nervous system, namely bulbar, cervical,
thoracic, and lumbrosacral. A detailed attempt was made to exclude
patients in whom symptoms are caused by conditio other than
ALS (ie, ALS-mimic syndromes).
Patients with su ected, po ible,
probable, and definite ALS according to the EEC were included
in this study.
DATA COLLECTION AND FOLLOW-UP
Once patients with ALS are enrolled in the register, details
of their initial clinical features are obtained either by review
of their complete medical records or, where po ible, examination
of the patient. All patients enrolled in the register are routinely
followed up during the course of their illne at intervals
of not le than 4 months. This is achieved by several methods:
by telephone conversation with the patient, primary care physician,
and primary care neurologist and by direct examination of the
patient by our group. Particular attention is given to functional
status at diagnosis and follow-up, progre ion of clinical features,
potential risk factors, family history of ALS, and causes of
death. For the purposes of this study, every patient was followed
up to at least March 1999. Apart from those who died, follow-up
was complete to that date for 96% of patients.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Data are stored on a computerized database (Microsoft Acce ,
version 7.0; Microsoft Corporation, Seattle, Wash), allowing
for organized retrieval of data. Statistical analyses are performed
with SAS 6.11 statistical software.
Survival was estimated
by the Kaplan-Meier method,
and differences in survival were
measured by log-rank sum test. Survival was examined for the
cohort as a whole and separately for those with bulbar vs inal
o et and by the central nervous system (CNS) region involved.
An analysis of the risk for death a ociated with selected independent
variables used the Cox proportional hazard model.
Calculatio were performed by using the date of symptom o et as day 0.
Statistical significance implies
.05 unle otherwise stated.
International comparison of survival in ALS was achieved by
determining each data point on the survival curves for each
study and di laying all the curves together by mea of uniform
RESULTS Jump to Section #149; #149; #149; #149;
Results #149; #149; #149;
Three hundred eighty-eight new cases of su ected, po ible,
probable, or definite ALS were diagnosed during the period from
January 1, 1993, through December 31, 1998. Of these, 26 (7%)
were familial ALS on the basis of detailed family history. Two
hundred twenty (57%) of the incident cases were in men and 168
(43%) were in women. The median age at diagnosis was 63.3 years
(range, 31.0-91.6 years) for men and 64.4 years (range, 19.7-92.1
years) for women. The median time from symptom o et to diagnosis
was 8.0 months (range, 1.0-79.7 months). Follow-up accumulated
616.1 person-years, and median follow-up time was 15.0 months
(range, 0.4-68.9 months). Of the 388 patients known to the Irish
ALS Register, two thirds (n = 253) had died at the date of last
follow-up. One patient had received long-term mechanical ventilation.
The site of symptom o et of the population is shown in
Seventy-six (45%) of women and 61 (28%) of men initially
had purely bulbar-o et disease. The proportion of bulbar-o et
symptoms increased with advancing age.
View this table:
Table 1. Site of O et of Symptoms in Irish Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 1993 Through 1998
shows the frequency of neurological sig for (1) the
whole cohort at the time of diagnosis and (2) the total cohort
at last follow-up, as well as (3) those alive at last follow-up
and (4) those who had died. Seventy-five percent of patients
at last follow-up had bulbar sig , representing an increase
of 19% compared with the time of diagnosis. A comparison of
neurological sig by CNS region between those who were alive
at last follow-up and those who had died suggested that bulbar
regional involvement was more common among those who died (83%
vs 60%).
View this table:
Table 2. Frequency of Clinical Sig in Each El Escorial Region of the Irish Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at Diagnosis and at Death, 1993 Through 1998
The nature of the neurological sig found in each region is
outlined in
. Combined UMN and LMN sig were present
in nearly 90% of all cases at death.
View this table:
Table 3. Nature of Neurologic Sig in Each El Escorial Region of the Irish Patients With ALS at Diagnosis and at Death, 1993 Through 1998*
The EEC categories of the entire cohort at time of diagnosis
are shown in
. One third of ALS cases fulfilled the EEC
for definite ALS, whereas 87 (22%) had probable ALS, 136 (35%)
had po ible ALS, and 29 (7%) had su ected ALS. Data on 5 patients
were incomplete. Only 40% of patients with familial ALS fell
into the definite category at the time of diagnosis.
View this table:
Table 4. El Escorial Category of Irish Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at Diagnosis, at Time of Last Follow-up, and at Death
At the time of last follow-up, two thirds of the total cohort
had died or had received long-term mechanical ventilation. Ninety
percent of the patients had clinical features co istent with
either definite or probable ALS before death; 9% were cla ified
as having po ible ALS and 1% of deceased patients had su ected
). The follow-up time for deceased patients with
su ected or po ible ALS was shorter than that of patients
with probable or definite ALS (10.6 vs 13.2 months), whereas
the time between last outpatient review and death was marginally
longer (5.9 vs 3.4 months).
The EEC category of the entire cohort at time of last follow-up
demo trated a similar progre ion of clinical features and
disability: the clinical features of more than 85% of patients
had advanced sufficiently to allow recla ification as either
definite or probable ALS, compared with a minority (14%) of
patients who remained in the po ible and su ected ALS categories.
Patients with limb-o et disease were more likely to be categorized
as having definite ALS at diagnosis, whereas bulbar-o et symptoms
were most frequently categorized as po ible ALS initially.
A small number of patients (27 [7%]) initially had both bulbar
and limb sig and met the criteria for probable or definite
The Kaplan-Meier survival curves of Irish patients with ALS
grouped according to their EEC category at diagnosis are shown
. The mortality rates of the 4 categories were similar
(log rank test = 3.3;
= .51). Furthermore, the pattern of
survival was similar in each diagnostic category. Median survival
of patients in either the definite or probable category at diagnosis
was 27 months, compared with 30 months for the po ible category
and 40 months for patients with su ected ALS. Multivariate
analysis did not confirm EEC category at diagnosis as an independent
predictor of prognosis.
View larger version
Figure 1.
Survival from o et among Irish patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cla ified according to El Escorial category at diagnosis.
The EEC for definite or probable ALS have been a lied for inclusion
in clinical trials.
When the current practice was a lied
to the Irish cohort, the median time from symptom o et to trial
eligibility was 13 months (
). Two hundred eighteen patients
(56%) would have been co idered trial eligible at the time
of their diagnosis. Of the remaining 165 patients (136 po ible,
29 su ected [43%]) who were trial ineligible at diagnosis,
two thirds (110) became eligible during the follow-up period.
The remaining 55 patients with ALS (14%) either had died of
their neurological condition without being co idered trial
eligible (3 su ected, 22 po ible) or had not changed diagnostic
category from the time of diagnosis (6 su ected, 24 po ible).
View larger version
Figure 2.
Time from symptom o et to trial eligibility among Irish population with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis according to the El Escorial and Airlie House criteria.
Potentially modifying factors were examined for their influence
on trial eligibility under the EEC guidelines: bulbar-o et
symptoms were a ociated with an earlier trial inclusion compared
with limb-o et disease (11 vs 15 month P
= .001;
whereas sex ratio, duration of follow-up, and median survival
were statistically similar among trial-eligible and trial-ineligible
patients.
When the AHC were a lied, there was little difference in the
number of patients co idered eligible for clinical trials or
the time for an individual patient to become suitable for inclusion.
Only 3 patients, previously cla ified as having probable ALS
under the EEC, were cla ified in the new clinically probable–laboratory
su orted category at the time of their diagnosis. Furthermore,
the mean time from symptom o et to eligibility was almost identical
when the revised guidelines were adopted (12.9 vs 12.8 months
under the EEC).
COMMENT Jump to Section #149; #149; #149; #149; #149;
Comment #149; #149;
This study is, to our knowledge, the second pro ective population-based
study of ALS survival
and the first to identify all cases in
an entire country during an extended period. Survival from diagnosis
at 1, 3, and 5 years was 68%, 25%, and 17%, re ectively, and
there was evidence of disease progre ion both in the number
of CNS regio involved and in the nature of involvement in
each region. It is also the first epidemiological study of ALS,
to our knowledge, to use the EEC for diagnosis and follow-up
of patients, thus allowing for standardized comparison with
future epidemiological and clinical studies.
More than 40% of the patients with ALS had bulbar or generalized
symptoms at symptom o et, which is higher than some previously
reported.
However, other studies with complete case ascertainment
have reported similar findings,
suggesting that the high rate
of bulbar-o et symptoms reflects the true disease distribution.
Our findings would suggest that cases with bulbar o et are
first seen at an earlier stage in the disease proce , before read to other CNS regio has occurred. In the bulbar-o et
population, dysarthria was 8 times more common than dy hagia
as an initial symptom. This finding agrees with previous reports
and may suggest that the glo al musculature is more vulnerable
to the neurodegenerative proce than the deglutition muscles.
Alternatively, dysarthria may be reported more commonly by patients
with ALS and their caregivers because slurred eech is easier
to recognize than mild swallowing difficulties. This highlights
the importance of obtaining an adequate intake history, including
choking episode subtle changes in dietary co istency, such
as avoidance of certain food duration of meal and measurable
weight lo .
The frequency of neurological sig in all 4 regio increased
dramatically during the course of the illne . Our findings
indicate that the majority of patients with ALS progre to
have generalized involvement by the time of death.
The pattern
of UMN and LMN sig was similar in each region both at diagnosis
and at death, ie, combined UMN and LMN sig accounted for the
majority of cases, whereas solely UMN or LMN sig were comparatively
uncommon. This su orts the o ervation that cortico inal tract
degeneration and anterior horn cell death may be linked and
infrequently occur in isolation.
Slightly more than half of Irish patients with ALS had either
definite or probable ALS by EEC at the time of diagnosis and
were eligible for clinical trial inclusion. There are few previous
reports of the EEC categories of patients at time of diagnosis
with which to compare our results. Although they did not strictly
a ly EEC, Haverkamp et al
reported that 9% of 1200 patients
attending a ecialist ALS clinic had solely LMN sig (corre onding
to su ected ALS), 3% had only UMN sig (ie, po ible ALS),
and 831 patients (69%) had "typical ALS." In a clinicopathological
study of the EEC in 32 cases of ALS, only 10 patients (31%)
carried a diagnosis of definite or probable ALS at initial examination.
In our study, a roximately 10% of those who died of their disease
were still cla ified as having su ected or po ible ALS at
the time of their death and were thus co idered ineligible
for clinical trials.
The length of follow-up and the time
from last review to death differed by only 2 months between
the 25 trial-ineligible patients and the total cohort. Furthermore,
the demographic characteristics of those who died did not differ
significantly from those of the entire cohort, suggesting that
their inability to travel was a function of their progre ive
disability. Although we were unable to have auto ies performed
on our deceased patients, telephone and, often, personal contact
between the patient and the ALS team was maintained until the
time of death. We conclude, therefore, that those 25 patients
died of ALS, albeit without reaching a stringently defined "certainty"
with re ect to their diagnosis.
Our findings have demo trated that the EEC category of patients
with ALS at diagnosis does not predict prognosis. One po ible
explanation for this unexpected finding may lie in the arbitrary
and artificial definitio of the EEC categories and CNS regio .
For example, a patient with subclinical electromyographic findings
or fasciculatio and mild weakne in a limb is co idered
to exhibit the same level of diagnostic certainty as another
patient with profound weakne and atrophy in the same area,
although the "disease burden" clearly differs between the 2
patients. Future diagnostic criteria for ALS that incorporate
a role for quantitative muscle strength testing or neurophysiological
estimation of inal motor neuron number would be helpful to
reflect the extent of disease.
Currently, patients with ALS who have only LMN sig are excluded
from clinical trials, and the su ected category has been deleted
from the revised EEC.
Our study demo trates that patients
with su ected ALS at diagnosis have a clinically similar course
to patients in the other ALS categories: survival of the 29
patients with su ected ALS at diagnosis was statistically similar
to patient survival in other EEC or AHC categories (
As only 3 of the 254 deceased Irish patients with ALS had clinical
features of primary lateral sclerosis at time of death, it is
a arent that the majority of patients with only LMN sig at
an early stage ultimately progre to other categories. Two
of these cases proceeded to auto y, of which one was an auto y-proved
case in a 74-year-old woman. The other was in a 54-year-old
man without clinical UMN sig before death, but postmortem
examination disclosed cortico inal involvement. The postmortem
finding of ubiquinated neuronal inclusio , the pathological
hallmark of ALS,
in several cases of primary lateral sclerosis
strengthe the view that the clinical diagnosis of primary
lateral sclerosis represents ALS.
Furthermore, patients with
superoxide dismutase 1 mutatio are known to initially manifest
solely LMN findings
and are included as having clinically
definite familial, laboratory-su orted ALS.
Until the underlying
pathogenic mechanisms of ALS are more fully understood, we believe
that current evidence su orts the inclusion of primary lateral
sclerosis and su ected ALS that is clearly progre ing in clinical
trials.
Our findings indicate that use of the stringent EEC and AHC
decreases the po ibility of ALS misdiagnosis but also nece itates
that patients have wide read disease to be co idered eligible
for trials. The difference in the time from disease o et to
trial eligibility between the old EEC and the new AHC (median
time, 12.8 vs 12.9 months) was small, and there was a greater
than 99% agreement between the cla ification systems. This
suggests that the revised guidelines did not succeed in their
aim of shortening the time to trial eligibility. Therefore,
the advantage of the EEC and AHC is that they prevent the inclusion
of patients with ALS-mimic syndromes, who tend to have a better
prognosis than patients with ALS. However, our previous findings
demo trate that patients with mimic syndromes can be excluded
by a ropriate prediagnostic investigatio and by monitoring
patients over time.
The current criteria, which are based
on the likelihood of a patient suffering from the disease by
determining the extent of clinically a arent a ormal findings,
have the great disadvantage of restricting clinical trials to
patients with exte ive burden of clinical disease.
We compared the survival curves of our population with those
of 6 previous population-based studies judged to have the most
complete case ascertainment (
survival curves of the studies being compared were reproduced
by manually plotting each individual data point and then di laying
each of them with a uniform axis. The survival experience of
patients in the 7 compared population-based studies was remarkably
similar. A single curve can be co tructed to summarize the
data of these 7 studies (n = 1740). Such a composite curve may
serve as a historical control population for future studies,
perha allowing all patients with ALS enrolled in future trials
to receive a potentially beneficial therapeutic agent.
addition, the survival of a placebo control group in a trial
may be compared with this composite curve to confirm that the
selection of the placebo group is representative and random.
View larger version
Figure 3.
Comparison of survival studies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
In summary, this population-based study of the clinical features
of ALS closely followed up an entire population of patients
for a prolonged period. The high rate of bulbar-o et symptoms
among the Irish and other studies with complete case ascertainment
may reflect the true disease distribution and site of o et
in this disease. Our study has shown that the established clinically
based diagnostic systems are suitably ecific for ALS. However,
we have also shown that EEC and AHC lack se itivity, particularly
at the early stage of the illne , when patients would benefit
most from therapeutic intervention. In the a ence of a ecific
disease marker for ALS, we propose that the criteria for clinical
trials be loosened to include patients with any clinical features
of ALS, in whom progre ion has been identified, and in whom
the common mimic syndromes have been excluded.
AUTHOR INFORMATION Jump to Section #149; #149; #149; #149; #149; #149;
Author information #149;
Accepted for publication February 4, 2000.
We gratefully acknowledge the a istance of all the co ultant
neurologists, neurophysiologists, and primary care physicia who collaborate in recruitment for the register. We also thank
the Irish Motor Neuron Disease A ociation and the Irish Brain
Research Foundation for their su ort.
Reprints: Orla M. Hardiman, MD, MRCPI, Department of Neurology,
Beaumont Ho ital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland (e-mail:
ohard{at}iol.ieHave something to say?
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*** Let's Talk Resumes *** with Author Susan Ireland (The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Perfect Resume)
Have a resume or job search experience you want feedback on? As a profe ional resume writer and author of The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Perfect Resume, I want to hear about your job search.
Having worked with job seekers through rece io and good economic times, I know two things for sure:
1. Almost every job seeker has a job search problem they need to resolve, such as career change, ga in employment, age discrimination, or job ho ing.
2. Group su ort really can help! By using the collective wisdom of job coaches and fellow job seekers in this group, you're bound to come up with at least ONE solution to your problem.
I'll be helping the members of the JOBS Group by periodically posting articles about how you can have a great resume and a wi ing job search strategy. I hope you'll follow the conversation and add your two cents so I can tailor my advice to meet your needs.
I'll re ond to as many comments as po ible. In some cases, however, I may need to choose ones that are most relevant to the entire group.
Want personal help with your resume? Here are two ways to get a istance:
1. Ask your question in this discu ion group where it's free and public.
2. Get Susan Ireland's Ready-Made Resumes (
). 150 easy-to-use resume templates and advice. For a limited time, a private resume critique is included.
Now that you're here… let's talk resumes and other job search i ues!
Susan Ireland
Where else to find me:
Susan Ireland's Ready-Made Resumes (online resume and cover letter builder):
Susan Ireland's Resume Site:
Susan Ireland's Job Lounge Blog:
Susan Ireland on Twitter:
Susan Ireland on Facebook:
P.S. Feel free to share my postings with your friends on LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter!
5 months ago
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1,038 comments ull;
Susan ull;
* Objective or Not on Resume?**
Should you put a Job Objective on your resume? This question gets to ed around a lot. Here's my a wer:
Every resume has an objective. Your resume is a marketing piece with the objective of getting you the job you want. Here's the real question: How do you communicate your job objective to a recruiter or employer during his initial eight-second scan of your resume? Depending on your situation, one of the following will do the trick:
Option #1: Put a very concise job objective statement near the top of your resume. (For example:
Option #2: Put your profe ional title near the top of your resume. (For example:
Option #3: State your line of work at the begi ing of the first phrase in your Summary section. Or, use your profe ional title as the heading for your Summary section. (For example:
Option #4: Do none of the above. This option works only if you fall into one of these categories:
* You're staying in the same industry and your objective is to have the same or similar job title as your most recent job title. In that case, the reader of your resume will correctly a ume what job you seek just by sca ing the work chronology on your resume.
* You're writing an academic or scientific CV (curriculum vitae). In that case, you should place your Education section near the top of your document, which e entially declares your job objective.
If you want to make a career change or a significant vertical career move, use one of the first three optio .
A good resume quickly communicates your job objective. Do you have another resume technique for achieving that goal? Please share it with us.
5 months ago
Vinay ull;
Is it advisable to put link to the social network like LinkedIn &am Twitter on your resume?
5 months ago
Pamela M. ull;
Hi Vinay -
In my opinion - Yes, DO put your LinkedIn link on your resume.
NO, do not put your Twitter link on your resume.
Wishing you succe ,
5 months ago
Bob ull;
I tead of putting the objective for your career on a resume, but the objective of your work for the target company. That objective can only be to increase revenue and/or decrease costs.
It would read something like this.
To double revenue at XYZ Company by positioning the mini-widget product line as an alternative to which-a-ma-calls-itz in the ecialty market segment.
5 months ago
Susan ull;
** Social Media Links on Your Resume**
Vinay, I recommend putting your LinkedIn addre on your resume. This, of course, mea you should have an excellent LI profile for your potential employer to see.
Put your Twitter addre on your resume only if you use Twitter exclusively for profe ional use. No need for a recruiter or employer to read personal tweets about your kitte and politics. But if you tweet on topic for your profe ion, then your Twitter addre could be an a et.
5 months ago
Vinay ull;
@Pam,@Susan. Thanks a lot
5 months ago
Ro ie A ull;
Hi Susan!
I really enjoyed your last discu ion group and so am ha y to see you starting up again. One of the things I see come up on my blog and around the internet has to do with functional versus chronological resumes for career changers or non-linear careerists (job ho ers).
Are functional resumes really effective in these situatio ?
If you are the one screening resumes or interviewing someone for a job how do you react to functional resumes?
Can a cover letter i tead do enough of the heavy lifting when combined with a chronological resume?
Is there a better solution?
Would love to hear what you and the rest of the group think. I worry sometimes people are hurting themselves even though they think they're making a wise choice.
Ro ie A 5 months ago
Susan ull;
***Value Proposition Statement***
Bob, thank you for your suggestion. I believe the sample statement you wrote is called a value proposition. Where would you place that statement? At the top of your resume? In your cover letter? Both?
5 months ago
Bruce R ull;
Unique is my job search.
In a few months I will be having my final interview at the US Co ulate in Montreal to obtain a ousal visa in order that my wife and I may move to the USA so that she can be closer to family and friends.
This has presented a major challenge.
Because my wife has been away from the job market for almost 3 years, she will not have the income to provide enough su ort that is required for a visa.
Therefore, I am seeking to obtain a letter of intent from an employer preferably from that area so that income will not be an i ue.
Up to this point I have been seriously expanding my network of profe ionals and receiving job alerts from the preferred area.
I welcome any comments or inquiries.
Thank you and have a good day.
Bruce R Roberts.
5 months ago
Mike ull;
Hey Susan! I have a question. Is it advisable to not put your references on your resume, but to put References upon Request ?
5 months ago
Sherry ull;
I am recently back in the job hunting after 8 years and nervous and a little anxious. Also age 60.
My profe ion is LTC management in nursing after working my way up through CNA, RN charge nurse, unit manager then A istant director of nursing.
Moved south had a job for 6 months and wham...what hit me?
resumes'
are definitely rusty.
I'm also not used to a lying on line i tead of person.
I talk better than i type sometimes when it comes to such an important thing as getting a job..
any suggestio ?
5 months ago
Susan ull;
**Can You Job-Hunt on Behalf of a Spouse?**
Bruce, in addition to your efforts to find your wife a job, I suggest your wife do the same on her own behalf. She can create a LInkedIn account, find former co-workers online, network through Facebook, and use good old fashioned in-person networking.
From time to time a client will aks me to work with her on her hu and's resume. The wife and I may be able to get the basic information (dates and such) into the resume, but we're never able to create a really good resume without the hu and's participation. That's because no one but the actual job seeker can relay his pa ion and hidde quot; talent for the profe ion he knows so well.
I think the same is true in the overall job search. No one can conduct a job search better than the person seeking that job.
That's my opinion. What do others think?
5 months ago
@Mike From my experience it's not nece ary to put anything about references directly on your resume. 1. It takes up room where your experience, skills, etc. can go and 2. it's a umed you'll give references when requested to do so. If asked to give references put them in your Cover Letter.
5 months ago
Susan ull;
**When Is It Good to Mention References on Your Resume?**
Kristina, I have always agreed with your philosophy of not putting References available upon request at the end of a resume. However, recently a career cou elor made an interesting point. He said, I like the References available statement because it's like a period at the end of a sentence.
I'd never thought of it that way. So I've begun to think that maybe there IS a time and place for that reference quot; statement on a resume. For example, if a job seeker places his Education section near the top of his resume, and his work history and all other information ends at the end of page 1 or page 2, a statement about references might be a pleasant way to say, The End.
Of course, another way to accomplish that is to state " age 1 of 1 or " age 2 of 2.
Here's another case in which the reference quot; statement might serve a purpose: if the job seeker has a lot of job ho ing, employment ga , or other red flags in his work history. A uring the employer that he has references might give stability to his otherwise shaky presentation.
What do others think? Is there a time when References available has served you well? Has it ever worked agai t you?
5 months ago
Susan ull;
**As a Manager, What's Your Pet Peeve on Resumes?**
Many of you are or have been managers. You've probably had many resumes come acro your desk. What have you seen job seekers put on their resumes that you dislike?
Tell us so we can learn from those mistakes.
5 months ago
Roberta ull;
@sherry I eak to many job seekers that have the same jitters as you.
It's been what feels like centuries ago since they had to write a resume. You explain your feelings well when you say, you talk better than you type.
Here's the good news...you can get a profe ional to write your resume and still reflect who you are. They can also help with that on line thing.
And then you get to do what you do best. Talk!
That's what you get to do at the interview.
As you know, the resume does not get you the job. You'll get the chance to do that when you talk to the decision maker. So send out those resumes.
Talk to people who know you and soon you'll be talking for yourself.
I detect lots of unk and energy along with your experience so go get 'em..you are definitely not too old!
5 months ago
Muhammad Qamar ull;
What is the a ropriate length of CV for 5 years experience person ? two pages or three pages ?
Any suggestio .
5 months ago
Reem ull;
Currently I am seeking for a new job but my problem is that my main educational background and work experience do not really match. How can I write a resume that match with my experience and seem convincer for the recruiter? another Q is it advisable to tailor your CV each time you a ly for a certain job?
5 months ago
Loredana ull;
Hi Susan,
My question is: Can a CV be written in an international way?
Let me explain. Let's a ume you decide to a ly for jo in different countries. In this case, do you reckon the CV should be modified according to the country standards or is there a way to write it so that it could work all around the world?
In my personal opinion, a CV is structured also according to the cultural and social values of each society (country), therefore it should be modified according to it.
But I'd like to read your profe ional opinion and what the other members think. Thank you!
5 months ago
Susan ull;
**How Long Should a CV Be to Show 5 Yrs of Experience?**
Muhammad, I suggestion you keep your CV to no more than two pages. You might even be able to get it down to one page.
Having said that, I want to stre that it's most important that you present your information so it's quick and easy to read. When an employer looks at your resume, will he see the most relevant and important info in the first 8 seconds?
If you can accomplish that on one page. Wonderful. If you need to read it out to make it easier to navigate, using bullet point statements i tead of paragraphs, allowing ace for the eye to see how you've categorized section, then you may need two pages.
I hope this hel .
5 months ago
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